Effect on Disease Control:

Nutmeg possesses antidiarrhoeic activity while cinnamon, cloves, parseley, garlic, rosemary, thyme and mint are antiseptic in nature. Herbal feed additives (garlic, cat’s claw, liquorice and Echinacea) rich in flavonoids, carotenoids and Vitamin C act as immunostimulant by improving lymphocyte, NK cells and macrophages activity, increasing phagocytosis or by stimulating interpheron synthesis. Clove, peppermint and lemon grass cause lowered concentration of immunoglobulin in the blood. Leukocytosis is induced due to Shatavari supplementation with predominant neutrophils. Shatavari is used for cough, dyspepsia, rheumatism, edema, aphrodisiac, chronic fevers, diarrhea and dysentery while Jivanti is used for bleeding disorders, burning sensitivity, pyrexia, dehydration, colitis and weak vision. Jivanti (Leptadenia reticulate) contain ferulic acid, alpha amyrin, luteolin, beta-amyrin, diosmetn, beta-sitosterol, rutin, hentriacontanol and stigmasterol. All parts of neemlike leaves, bark or seed oil are known topossess therapeutic value for treatment of skin diseases. Herbal preparations like Himax is effective against both sarcoptic and psoroptic mange in buffaloes. Garlic, lemon, coconut, turmeric, lemon grass, tobacco are some of plants used against ticks and mites .Herbal preparations like mastilep, wisprec, Titali-M, goldenudder, udder, mint are used against mastitis which causes economic loss to farmers by reducing milk production and increasing expenditure on medicines. Trials indicate that Fumaria indica and Adiantum capillus can be used as alternative for mastitis treatment. Amongst the viral diseases,foot and mouth disease can be cured using herbal treatment comprising of plants such as Amar Bel (CuscutareflexaRoxb. -whole plant), Shisham (DalbergiasissooRoxb.-leaf), Rhusjavanica L(fruit), Garanda (Carissa caranta L.-leaves), Satyanashi (Argemone Mexicana L-leaf), Andrographispaniculata (leaf), Nirgundi (Vitexnegundo-leaf), Bailewa (Strychnosnuxvomica L.-fruit), Safedaak (Calotropisgygantea-stem), Arvi (Colocasiaesculenta-petiole), Bhilawan (Semecar pusanacardium-latex), Kulu (SterculiaurensRoxb.-gum), Maulsari (Mimusopselengi Linn,-latex) and Lantana Camera L(leaf). The common bacterial diseases in bovine are HaemorrhagicSepticaemia, black Quarter, Anthrax and Actinobacillosis. Haemorrhagic Septicaemia can be treated by use of plants like Bagh Jandhra (Arisaema Tortuosumschott -rhizome), Shimla mirch (Capsicum annum L.-fruit), Bilangada (Flacourtiaindica-leaves), Indian rennet (Solanumincanum-leaves), Vernoniaamygdalina Del. (seeds), Benth (Calpurnia aurea-leaves), Cassythafilliformis L. (whole plant),Cayratiatrifolia (whole plant) and Pueraria tuberose (tuber).Plants used for treatment of black quarter are Kuppi (Acalyphaindica L.-leaf), Barleriaacanthoides (root), Bosciacoriacea Pax. (leaf), Thulin (Bourreria orbicularis-leaf and bark), Cadabarotundifolia Fors sk. (leaf), pismaram (Rutechalepesis-seeds), Lobelia giberroaHemsl (leaves) and Pergulariaextensa (Jacq) (whole plant). Herbal plants which can be used for treatment of Anthrax are Acalyphaindica L. (whole plant), Aloe trichosanthaberger (leaf), Balanitesaegyptiaca (L.) (root) and BosciacoriaceaPax (leaf). Actinobacillosis can be treated using Behaya (Ipomea species-seed), Acmellacaulirhiza Del (leaves) and Calotropisprocera (seed). Parasitic diseases such as roundworm and fluke infestation are common in bovine. Roundworm infestation can be treated using Harvish (Dioscoreadeltoidea-tuber), Kamala (Mallotusphilippensis-fruits), garanda (Carissa caranta L.-roots), Adhatodavesica (root and leaves) and Rhamnuspurpurea (fruits and leaves). Kanak (Schimawallichii-stem and bark) is used for fluke infestation treatment. Amongst the fungal diseases ringworm infection is most common which can be treated using Vanabhanta (Solanumindicum-leaves), Bilauni (Maesachisia -stem, bark) and Clausena dentate (leaves).